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Information and Communication Technology (IGCSE)

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21 topics 315 objectives 89 resources Years covered: 2026
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Syllabus Framework
1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 2 20 21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1Types and Components of Computer Systems

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1.1 Hardware and software
  • 1.1-O1Describe hardware as the physical components of a computer system
  • 1.1-O10Describe the characteristics of analogue and digital data
  • 1.1-O11Explain the differences between analogue and digital data
  • 1.1-O12Explain the need to convert analogue data to digital data so it can be processed by a computer
  • 1.1-O13Explain the need to convert digital data to analogue data so it can be used to control devices
  • 1.1-O2Identify internal components including the Central Processing Unit (CPU), processor and motherboard
  • 1.1-O3Identify internal memory including random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM)
  • 1.1-O4Identify hardware components including graphics card, sound card, Network Interface Card (NIC), camera, internal/external storage devices, and input and output devices
  • 1.1-O5Describe software as programs for controlling the operation of a computer or processing of electronic data
  • 1.1-O6Describe applications software as providing the services that the user requires to solve a task
  • 1.1-O7Give examples of applications software including word processing, spreadsheet, database management systems, control, measurement, applets and apps, video editing, graphics editing, audio editing and computer aided design (CAD)
  • 1.1-O8Describe system software as providing the services that the computer requires to operate
  • 1.1-O9Give examples of system software including compilers, linkers, device drivers, operating systems and utilities
1.2 The main components of computer systems
  • 1.2-O1Describe the role of the CPU in processing instructions entered into the computer in order to produce an output
  • 1.2-O2Describe the characteristics of ROM and RAM
  • 1.2-O3Explain the differences between ROM and RAM
  • 1.2-O4Describe the characteristics of input and output devices
  • 1.2-O5Explain the differences between input and output devices
  • 1.2-O6Describe the characteristics of backing storage
  • 1.2-O7Explain the differences between backing storage and internal memory
1.3 Operating systems
  • 1.3-O1Describe the characteristics of operating systems including Command Line Interface (CLI), Graphical User Interface (GUI), dialogue based and gesture based interface
  • 1.3-O2Explain the differences between types of operating systems
  • 1.3-O3Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of operating systems
1.4 Types of computer
  • 1.4-O1Describe the characteristics of a desktop computer
  • 1.4-O2Describe the uses of a desktop computer including office and business management, education, gaming and entertainment
  • 1.4-O3Describe the characteristics of mobile computers including laptop computers, smartphones, tablet and phablet computers
  • 1.4-O4Describe the uses of mobile computers including office and business management, education, gaming, entertainment and remotely controlled devices
  • 1.4-O5Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of computer including portability and expandability
1.5 Emerging technologies
  • 1.5-O1Describe the impact of emerging technologies on everyday life including Artificial Intelligence (AI) and extended reality (virtual and augmented)
10.1 Communication with other ICT users using email
  • 10.1-O1Describe the characteristics, uses and constraints of email communication including acceptable language, guidelines set by an employer, the need for security, netiquette, email groups, carbon copy (cc), blind carbon copy (bcc), forward and attachments
  • 10.1-O2Describe the characteristics and effects of spam email including the methods which can be used to help prevent spam
10.2 Effective use of the internet
  • 10.2-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of using the internet including the differences between the internet, an intranet, an extranet and the World Wide Web (WWW), blog, forum, wiki and social networking
  • 10.2-O2Describe internet functionality including Internet Service Provider (ISP), structure of a web address, Uniform Resource Locator (URL), hyperlink and web browser
  • 10.2-O3Explain the use of a search engine including speed of searching, amount of information, speed of finding relevant information and ease of finding reliable information
  • 10.2-O4Evaluate information found on the internet including how up to date, reliable, biased and valid the information is
  • 10.2-O5Describe internet protocols including HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), HyperText Transfer Protocol secure variant (HTTPS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and Secure Socket Layer (SSL)
  • 10.2-O6Describe the risks of using the internet including inappropriate and criminal material and restricting data through parental, educational and ISP control
11.1 Manage files effectively
  • 11.1-O1Locate stored files
  • 11.1-O2Open and import files of different types
  • 11.1-O3Save files in a planned hierarchical directory/folder structure
  • 11.1-O4Save files using appropriate file names
  • 11.1-O5Save and print files in a variety of formats including a document, screenshots, database reports, data tables, graphs/charts, a web page in browser view and a web page in HTML view
  • 11.1-O6Save and export in the file format of an application package including .docx, .doc, .xlsx, .xls, .sdb, .sdc, .accdb, .odb, .rtf, .pptx and .ppt
  • 11.1-O7Save and export in a generic file format including .csv, .txt, .rtf, .pdf, .css, .htm, .jpg and .png
  • 11.1-O8Describe the characteristics and uses of file formats including css, csv, gif, htm, jpg, pdf, png, rtf, txt, zip and rar
  • 11.1-O9Explain the need for generic file formats
11.2 Reduce file sizes for storage or transmission
  • 11.2-O1Reduce file sizes for storage or transmission where necessary using file compression including .zip and .rar
  • 11.2-O2Explain the need to reduce file sizes for storage or transmission
12.1 Images
  • 12.1-O1Place an image with precision
  • 12.1-O2Resize an image as specified to maintain or adjust the aspect ratio of an image
  • 12.1-O3Crop an image
  • 12.1-O4Rotate an image
  • 12.1-O5Reflect (flip) an image horizontally or vertically
  • 12.1-O6Adjust the brightness of an image
  • 12.1-O7Adjust the contrast of an image
  • 12.1-O8Group and layer images including grouping and ungrouping, and moving to the front or back
  • 12.1-O9Recognise that reducing the file size can be achieved by reducing the image resolution or colour depth
13.1 Create or edit a document
  • 13.1-O1Enter and modify text and numbers with total accuracy
  • 13.1-O2Use editing techniques to manipulate text and numbers including highlight, delete, move, cut, copy, paste, drag and drop
  • 13.1-O3Place objects into the document from a variety of sources including text, image, screenshot, shapes, table, graph or chart, spreadsheet extract and database extract
  • 13.1-O4Wrap text around a table, chart or image including above, below, square and tight
13.2 Tables
  • 13.2-O1Create a table with a specified number of rows and columns
  • 13.2-O2Place text or objects in a table
  • 13.2-O3Edit a table and its contents including insert row(s) and column(s), delete row(s) and column(s) and merge cells
  • 13.2-O4Format a table including setting horizontal cell alignment (left, right, centre, fully justified), vertical cell alignment (top, middle, bottom), showing and hiding gridlines, wrapping text within a cell, shading/colouring cells, adjusting row height and adjusting column width
13.3 Headers and footers
  • 13.3-O1Create or edit headers and footers
  • 13.3-O2Align the contents of the header and footer consistently within a document including left margin, right margin and centred within margins
  • 13.3-O3Place text and automated objects in headers and footers including file information, page numbering, total number of pages, date and time
  • 13.3-O4Explain the purpose of headers and footers
14.1 Styles
  • 14.1-O1Create, modify, update and apply styles to ensure consistency of presentation
  • 14.1-O2Set font properties including font face, type (serif, sans-serif), point size and colour
  • 14.1-O3Set text alignment including left, right, centre and fully justified
  • 14.1-O4Apply text enhancement including bold, underline and italic
  • 14.1-O5Set spacing including paragraph (before and after) and line spacing
  • 14.1-O6Set bullets including shape, alignment, line spacing and indent
  • 14.1-O7Explain the purpose and uses of a corporate house style
15.1 Software tools
  • 15.1-O1Use automated software tools (spell check, grammar check) and make appropriate changes to ensure all work produced contains as few errors as possible
  • 15.1-O2Use validation routines to minimise data entry errors
  • 15.1-O3Explain that automated suggestions given by spell check software do not always give the correct response
  • 15.1-O4Explain the importance, characteristics and uses of appropriate validation including range check, character check, length check, type check, format check and presence check
15.2 Proofing techniques
  • 15.2-O1Perform visual verification to identify and correct data entry errors including transposed numbers, incorrect spelling, inconsistent character spacing and inconsistent case
  • 15.2-O2Proofread to identify and correct inconsistent line spacing, remove blank pages/slides, remove widows/orphans, correct inconsistent or incorrect application of styles, and ensure that tables and lists are not split over columns or pages/slides
  • 15.2-O3Explain the importance, characteristics and uses of verification including visual checking and double data entry to reduce data entry errors
  • 15.2-O4Explain the need for validation as well as verification
16.1 Graphs and charts
  • 16.1-O1Select data to produce a graph or chart including using contiguous data, non-contiguous data and specified data ranges
  • 16.1-O2Select the graph or chart type
  • 16.1-O3Label the graph or chart including chart title, legend, sector labels, sector values, percentages, category axis title, value axis title, category axis labels, value axis labels and data value labels
  • 16.1-O4Add a second data series
  • 16.1-O5Add a second axis
  • 16.1-O6Format numerical values to a specified number of decimal places
  • 16.1-O7Format numerical values to display currency symbols
  • 16.1-O8Adjust the maximum and minimum values of an axis scale and set incremental values
  • 16.1-O9Enhance the appearance of a graph or chart including extracting a pie chart sector, changing the colour scheme or fill patterns
17.1 Document production
  • 17.1-O1Edit page layout including page size, page orientation, page margins, number of columns, column width, spacing between columns, and set and remove breaks (page, section and column breaks)
  • 17.1-O2Set line spacing including single, 1.5 times, double, multiple, and spacing before and after paragraphs
  • 17.1-O3Set tabulation including left, right, centred and decimal tabs, indented paragraphs and hanging paragraphs
  • 17.1-O4Apply text enhancement including bold, underline, italic, superscript and subscript, and changes in case
  • 17.1-O5Create or edit lists including bulleted and numbered lists
  • 17.1-O6Use find and replace text including matching case and whole words
  • 17.1-O7Add and delete bookmarks/hyperlinks
  • 17.1-O8Explain the purpose of setting page, section and column breaks
  • 17.1-O9Explain the purpose of setting gutter margins
18.1 Create a database structure
  • 18.1-O1Import data from existing files (including .csv and .txt) using specified field names to create tables
  • 18.1-O10Describe the characteristics of primary keys and foreign keys
  • 18.1-O11Describe the characteristics of good form design
  • 18.1-O2Set appropriate data types to fields including text, numeric (integer, decimal, currency), date/time and Boolean/logical
  • 18.1-O3Set sub-types of numeric data including percentage and number of decimal places
  • 18.1-O4Set the display format of a Boolean/logical field (yes/no, true/false, checkbox)
  • 18.1-O5Set the display format of date/time data
  • 18.1-O6Create and edit primary and foreign keys
  • 18.1-O7Create relationships between tables
  • 18.1-O8Create a data entry form including specified fields, appropriate font styles and sizes, appropriate spacing between fields, character spacing of individual fields, use of white space, radio buttons, check boxes and drop down menus
  • 18.1-O9Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of a flat file and a relational database
18.2 Manipulate data
  • 18.2-O1Use arithmetic operations or numeric functions to perform calculations including calculated fields and calculated controls
  • 18.2-O2Use formulae and functions to perform calculations at run time including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, sum, average, maximum, minimum and count
  • 18.2-O3Sort data using a single criterion or multiple criteria into ascending or descending order
  • 18.2-O4Use a single criterion or multiple criteria to select subsets of data using a query
  • 18.2-O5Perform searches using a variety of operators including AND, OR, NOT, LIKE, >, <, =, >=, <= and <>
  • 18.2-O6Perform searches using wildcards
18.3 Present data
  • 18.3-O1Produce reports to display data including displaying all the required data and labels in full
  • 18.3-O2Use appropriate headers and footers within a database report including report header, report footer, page header and page footer
  • 18.3-O3Set report titles
  • 18.3-O4Produce different output layouts including controlling the display of data, labels, and tabular or columnar format
  • 18.3-O5Align data and labels appropriately including right aligning numeric data and decimal alignment
  • 18.3-O6Control the display format of numeric data including number of decimal places, currency symbol and percentage
19.1 Presentations
  • 19.1-O1Create a new presentation using a text file
  • 19.1-O10Insert an action button including modifying settings to navigate to a specified slide or file
  • 19.1-O11Add alternative text/screentip to an object
  • 19.1-O12Apply consistent transitions between slides
  • 19.1-O13Apply consistent animation effects on text, images and other objects
  • 19.1-O14Hide slides within a presentation
  • 19.1-O15Display the presentation for a variety of purposes including looped on-screen carousel and presenter controlled
  • 19.1-O16Print the presentation in a variety of layouts including full page slides, presenter notes and handouts
  • 19.1-O2Use a master slide to insert and edit objects consistently including images, text, shapes, logos, slide headers and footers, placeholder position and automated slide numbering
  • 19.1-O3Format master slide objects including headings, subheadings, bullets and background colour
  • 19.1-O4Apply slide layout
  • 19.1-O5Insert a new slide
  • 19.1-O6Move or delete a slide
  • 19.1-O7Insert and edit objects on a slide including text (headings, subheadings, bulleted lists), images (still images, video clips, animated images), charts, tables, audio clips (sound), symbols, lines, arrows, call out boxes and shapes
  • 19.1-O8Add presenter notes
  • 19.1-O9Insert and edit a hyperlink including linking text or objects to a slide within the presentation, an external file or an email address
2.1 Input devices and their uses
  • 2.1-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of keyboards, numeric keypads, pointing devices and remote controls
  • 2.1-O2Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of joysticks/driving wheels, touch screens (as an input device) and light pens
  • 2.1-O3Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of scanners, cameras, microphones and sensors
2.2 Direct data entry and associated devices
  • 2.2-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of magnetic stripe readers, chip and PIN readers and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) readers
  • 2.2-O2Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Optical Mark Recognition/Readers (OMR) and Optical Character Recognition/Readers (OCR)
  • 2.2-O3Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of bar code readers and QR scanners
2.3 Output devices and their uses
  • 2.3-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of monitors, touch screens (as an output device) and multimedia projectors
  • 2.3-O2Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of laser printers, inkjet printers, dot matrix printers, plotters and 3D printers
  • 2.3-O3Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of speakers and actuators
20.1 Create a data model
  • 20.1-O1Insert cell(s), row(s) and column(s), delete cell(s), row(s) and column(s), and merge cells
  • 20.1-O10Explain the order in which mathematical operations are performed including the use of brackets to make sure that formulae work
  • 20.1-O11Describe the characteristics and use of absolute and relative cell referencing
  • 20.1-O2Create formulae using cell references
  • 20.1-O3Replicate formulae using absolute and relative cell references where appropriate
  • 20.1-O4Use arithmetic operators in formulae including add, subtract, multiply, divide and indices
  • 20.1-O5Use named cells and named ranges
  • 20.1-O6Use functions including sum, average, maximum, minimum, integer, rounding, counting, LOOKUP, VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, XLOOKUP and IF
  • 20.1-O7Use external data sources within functions
  • 20.1-O8Use nested functions
  • 20.1-O9Explain the difference between a formula and a function
20.2 Manipulate data
  • 20.2-O2Select subsets of data using a single criterion or multiple criteria
20.3 Present data
  • 20.3-O1Display either formulae or values
  • 20.3-O2Adjust row height, column width and cell sizes so that all data, labels and formulae are fully visible
  • 20.3-O3Wrap text within cells so that all data is fully visible
  • 20.3-O4Hide and display rows and columns
  • 20.3-O5Enhance a spreadsheet including text colour, cell colour, bold, underline, italic and shading
  • 20.3-O6Format numeric data appropriately including displaying the number of decimal places, different currency symbols and percentages
  • 20.3-O7Use conditional formatting to change the display format depending on the contents of a cell
  • 20.3-O8Set the page orientation to portrait or landscape
  • 20.3-O9Control the page layout to print including specified number of pages, print area, display or hide gridlines, and display or hide row and column headings
21.1 Web development layers
  • 21.1-O1Describe the content layer as used to enter the content and create the structure of a web page
  • 21.1-O2Describe the presentation layer as used to display and format elements within a web page
  • 21.1-O3Describe the behaviour layer as a scripting language used to control elements within a web page
21.2 Create a web page
  • 21.2-O1Use HTML to create the content layer of a web page
  • 21.2-O10Apply styles to elements within a web page including to a list (ordered list, unordered list)
  • 21.2-O11Create a bookmark within a web page using an id attribute
  • 21.2-O12Create hyperlinks from text and images to bookmarks on the same page, other locally stored web pages, a website using the URL, and send mail to a specified email address
  • 21.2-O13Set hyperlinks to open in a specified location (the same window, a new window, or a window named as specified)
  • 21.2-O14Explain the purpose of the head and body sections of a web page
  • 21.2-O15Explain the reason tables are used to structure elements within a web page
  • 21.2-O16Describe the function of metatags including defining the charset, keywords for search engines, the author, a description of the web page and the viewport (to make a web page display on all devices)
  • 21.2-O17Describe the function of a hyperlink
  • 21.2-O18Describe the concept of a bookmark including methods of creating a bookmark within a web page
  • 21.2-O19Describe the function of an anchor
  • 21.2-O2Place appropriate elements in the head section of a web page including a page title, attached external stylesheets (using a relative file path), metatags (charset, name attributes for description, keywords, author and viewport, and content attributes) and default target windows
  • 21.2-O20Explain relative file path and absolute file path including the reason absolute file paths must not be used for hyperlinks to locally saved web pages/objects
  • 21.2-O3Place appropriate content in the body section of a web page
  • 21.2-O4Insert a table including table header, table rows and table data
  • 21.2-O5Use appropriate table attributes to meet the needs of the audience including adjusting cells to span more than one row or column, setting table and cell sizes in pixels or % values and applying styles to tables
  • 21.2-O6Insert appropriate objects into a web page including text, images, sound clips and video (display controls, remove controls, autoplay), and adjust image or video size, aspect ratio and apply alternate text
  • 21.2-O7Use the div tag including applying styles and classes
  • 21.2-O8Apply tags to text within a web page to display pre-defined styles including h1, h2, h3, p and li
  • 21.2-O9Apply classes to elements within a web page
21.3 Use stylesheets
  • 21.3-O1Use CSS to create the presentation layer of a web page
  • 21.3-O10Explain the reason relative file paths must be used for attached stylesheets
  • 21.3-O2Create generic external styles and inline style attributes including background properties (colour, images), font properties, and table, table row, table header and table data properties (size, background colour, alignment, spacing, padding, borders)
  • 21.3-O3Create classes including background properties, font properties, and table, table row and table data properties (size, background colour, alignment, spacing, padding, borders)
  • 21.3-O4Create external styles to be tagged in a web page including h1, h2, h3, p and li
  • 21.3-O5Specify font properties including font family, size, colour, alignment, bold and italic
  • 21.3-O6Attach comments to an external stylesheet
  • 21.3-O7Save styles in cascading stylesheet format
  • 21.3-O8Describe the characteristics of cascading stylesheets including the difference between attached stylesheets and inline style attributes and the hierarchy of multiple attached stylesheets and inline styles within a web page
  • 21.3-O9Describe the characteristics of a style and a class including the difference between them
3.1 Storage devices and media
  • 3.1-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, media, advantages and disadvantages of storage devices including magnetic, optical and solid-state
  • 3.1-O2Describe magnetic drives including fixed and portable magnetic hard drives and magnetic tape drives
  • 3.1-O3Describe optical drives including CD, DVD and Blu-ray
  • 3.1-O4Describe fixed and portable solid-state drives (SSD) including SSD, pen drive and flash drive
  • 3.1-O5Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of storage media including magnetic, optical and solid-state
  • 3.1-O6Describe magnetic storage media including magnetic hard disks and magnetic tape
  • 3.1-O7Describe optical discs including CD, DVD and Blu-ray
  • 3.1-O8Describe solid-state media including memory cards (SD, xD, CFast)
4.1 Networks
  • 4.1-O1Describe the operation and purpose of a router including connecting networks and devices to the internet
  • 4.1-O10Describe the characteristics, uses and purpose of an extranet, intranet and the internet
  • 4.1-O11Explain the differences and similarities between an extranet, intranet and the internet
  • 4.1-O12Describe Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN) and the differences between these networks
  • 4.1-O2Describe how a router stores computer addresses and routes data packets
  • 4.1-O3Describe common network devices including network interface cards (NIC), hubs, bridges and switches
  • 4.1-O4Describe the uses of wi-fi and Bluetooth
  • 4.1-O5Describe how to connect a device to a network using wi-fi and Bluetooth
  • 4.1-O6Explain the similarities and differences between Bluetooth and wi-fi
  • 4.1-O7Describe the characteristics, uses and issues relating to cloud computing
  • 4.1-O8Explain how data is stored, managed and shared using cloud computing
  • 4.1-O9Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using cloud storage compared to other methods
4.2 Network issues and communication
  • 4.2-O1Explain the privacy and confidentiality issues regarding the security of data transfer
  • 4.2-O10Describe the hardware, software and network connection required to set up each type of electronic conference
  • 4.2-O2Describe how to avoid password interception by using up to date anti-spyware and regularly changing passwords
  • 4.2-O3Explain the differences between strong and weak passwords
  • 4.2-O4Describe other authentication methods including zero login, biometric methods, magnetic stripes, smart cards, physical tokens and electronic tokens
  • 4.2-O5Describe the use of anti-malware and anti-virus software
  • 4.2-O6Describe the operation of removing/quarantining viruses using up to date software
  • 4.2-O7Explain why the storage media used to transfer data should be scanned
  • 4.2-O8Explain why data/software should be scanned when downloading
  • 4.2-O9Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of video-conferencing, audio-conferencing and web-conferencing
5.1 Microprocessor-controlled devices
  • 5.1-O1Evaluate the positive and negative effects of microprocessors/smart devices in monitoring and controlling devices in the home including the impact on lifestyle, leisure time, physical fitness, security of data and the degree of social interaction
  • 5.1-O2Evaluate the positive and negative effects of microprocessors/smart devices in monitoring and controlling transport including security of data, autonomous vehicles and transport safety
5.2 Potential health problems related to the prolonged use of IT equipment
  • 5.2-O1Describe health issues related to IT equipment including repetitive strain injury (RSI), back problems, eye problems and headaches
  • 5.2-O2Explain the causes of these health issues
  • 5.2-O3Describe strategies for preventing these health issues
6.1 Communication
  • 6.1-O1Describe the characteristics and uses of communication media including newsletters, posters, websites, multimedia presentations, audio, video, media streaming and ePublications
  • 6.1-O2Describe the use of mobile devices for communication including SMS messaging, phone calls, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), video calls and accessing the internet
6.10 Recognition systems
  • 6.10-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) including school registers, multiple-choice examination papers, barcode and QR code
  • 6.10-O2Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) including automated number plate recognition (ANPR) systems
  • 6.10-O3Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Radio Frequency Identification Device (RFID) including tracking stock, passports, automobiles and contactless payment
  • 6.10-O4Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Near Field Communication (NFC) including payment using a smartphone
  • 6.10-O5Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of biometric recognition including face, iris, retina, finger, thumb, hand and voice
6.11 Satellite systems
  • 6.11-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of satellite systems including Global Positioning Systems (GPS), satellite navigation, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and media communication systems (satellite television, satellite phone)
6.2 Modelling applications
  • 6.2-O1Describe computer modelling including personal finance, bridge and building design, flood water management, traffic management and weather forecasting
  • 6.2-O2Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using computer modelling rather than humans
6.3 Computer controlled systems
  • 6.3-O1Describe computer controlled systems including robotics in manufacture, production line control and autonomous vehicles
  • 6.3-O2Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using computer controlled systems rather than humans
6.4 School management systems
  • 6.4-O1Describe how school management systems are used to manage learner registration and attendance
  • 6.4-O2Describe how school management systems are used to record learner performance including computer aided learning
6.5 Booking systems
  • 6.5-O1Describe the characteristics and uses of online booking systems including the travel industry, concerts, cinemas and sporting events
  • 6.5-O2Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of online booking systems
6.6 Banking applications
  • 6.6-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) including withdrawing cash, depositing cash or cheques, checking account balance, mini statements, bill paying and money transfers
  • 6.6-O2Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), credit/debit card transactions, cheques and internet banking
6.7 Computers in medicine
  • 6.7-O1Describe the characteristics and uses of information systems in medicine including patient records and pharmacy records
  • 6.7-O2Describe the uses of 3D printers in medicine including printing of prosthetics, tissue engineering, artificial blood vessels and customised medicines
6.8 Expert systems
  • 6.8-O1Describe the characteristics, uses and purpose of expert systems including mineral prospecting, car engine fault diagnosis, medical diagnosis, chess games, financial planning, route scheduling for delivery vehicles and plant and animal identification
  • 6.8-O2Describe the components of an expert system: user interface, inference engine, knowledge base, rules base and explanation system
  • 6.8-O3Explain how an expert system is used to produce possible solutions for different scenarios
6.9 Computers in the retail industry
  • 6.9-O1Describe the characteristics and uses of computers in the retail industry including point of sale (POS) terminals and electronic funds transfer at point of sale (EFTPOS) terminals
  • 6.9-O2Describe how POS terminals update stock files automatically and order new stock automatically
  • 6.9-O3Describe how EFTPOS terminals check the validity of cards, and the use of chip and PIN, contactless cards and Near Field Communication (NFC) payment
  • 6.9-O4Explain the communication between the supermarket computer and the bank computer
  • 6.9-O5Describe the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of internet shopping
7.1 Analysis
  • 7.1-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the research methods of observation, interviews, questionnaires and examination of existing documents
  • 7.1-O2Explain the need to identify the inputs, outputs and processing of the current system, problems with the current system, the user and information requirements for the new system
  • 7.1-O3Identify and justify suitable hardware and software for the new system
7.2 Design
  • 7.2-O1Design file/data structures, input formats, output formats and validation routines
  • 7.2-O2Describe file/data structures including field length, field name, data type and coding of data, for example M for male and F for female
  • 7.2-O3Describe validation routines including range check, character check, length check, type check, format check, presence check and check digit
  • 7.2-O4Design input formats including data capture forms
  • 7.2-O5Design output formats including screen layouts and report layouts
7.3 Development and testing
  • 7.3-O1Explain the need to test the system before implementation
  • 7.3-O2Describe test designs, test strategies and a test plan (test data, expected outcomes, actual outcomes and remedial action) following testing
  • 7.3-O3Describe test designs including the testing of data structures, file structures, input formats, output formats and validation routines
  • 7.3-O4Describe test strategies including testing each module, each function and the whole system
  • 7.3-O5Define and describe the characteristics and use of test data using normal, abnormal and extreme data
  • 7.3-O6Describe the use of live data
7.4 Implementation
  • 7.4-O1Describe the characteristics, uses, advantages and disadvantages of the four methods of implementation: direct changeover, parallel running, pilot running and phased implementation
7.5 Documentation
  • 7.5-O1Describe the characteristics, uses and purpose of technical and user documentation
  • 7.5-O2Describe the components of technical documentation including purpose of the system/program, limitations of the system, program listing, program language, program flowcharts/algorithms, system flowcharts, hardware and software requirements, file structures, list of variables, input format, output format, sample runs/test runs and validation routines
  • 7.5-O3Describe the components of user documentation including purpose of the system, limitations of the system, hardware and software requirements, how to load/run/install software, how to save a file, how to print data, how to add records, how to delete/edit records, input format, output format, sample runs, error messages, error handling, troubleshooting guide/helpline, frequently asked questions and glossary of terms
7.6 Evaluation
  • 7.6-O1Evaluate a solution including the efficiency of the solution, the ease of use of the solution and the appropriateness of the solution
  • 7.6-O2Compare the solution with the original task requirements, identify any limitations and necessary improvements to the system, and evaluate the users' responses to the results of testing the system
8.1 Physical safety
  • 8.1-O1Describe safety issues including electrocution from spilling drinks near electrical equipment and touching live cables, fire from sockets being overloaded or equipment overheating, tripping over trailing cables and heavy equipment falling and injuring people
  • 8.1-O2Explain the causes of these safety issues and strategies for preventing them
8.2 eSafety
  • 8.2-O1Explain the principles of a typical data protection act and why data protection legislation is required
  • 8.2-O2Describe the characteristics of personal and sensitive data including personal name, address, date of birth, a photograph in school uniform and medical history
  • 8.2-O3Explain the need for personal data to be kept confidential and protected to avoid inappropriate disclosure
  • 8.2-O4Explain the need for eSafety when using the internet, email, social media and online gaming
  • 8.2-O5Describe how to minimise the potential danger of using the internet including only using trusted websites recommended by teachers and using a search engine that only allows access to age appropriate websites
  • 8.2-O6Describe how to minimise the potential danger of using email including awareness of the dangers of opening or replying to an email from an unknown person and the risks of sending personal identifiable data or images via email
  • 8.2-O7Describe how to minimise the potential danger of using social media including blocking and reporting unwanted users, the dangers of meeting an online contact face to face, avoiding the distribution of inappropriate images and language, and respecting the confidentiality of personal data of other people
  • 8.2-O8Describe how to minimise the potential danger of online gaming including not using real names and not giving out personal or financial data
8.3 Security of data
  • 8.3-O1Describe the characteristics and effect of threats to data including hacking, phishing, pharming, smishing, vishing, viruses, malware and card fraud
  • 8.3-O10Describe the purpose of encryption for the protection of data on hard discs, email, cloud and HTTPS websites
  • 8.3-O11Describe the purpose of a firewall
  • 8.3-O12Describe the purpose and function of two-factor authentication
  • 8.3-O13Explain how a user id and password are used to increase the security of data
  • 8.3-O2Describe hacking including the measures that must be taken in order to protect data
  • 8.3-O3Describe phishing, pharming, smishing and vishing including the methods that can be used to help prevent them
  • 8.3-O4Describe viruses and malware including how to take preventative action to avoid infecting a computer from a downloaded file
  • 8.3-O5Describe card fraud including shoulder surfing, card cloning and key logging
  • 8.3-O6Describe the characteristics and methods of protecting data including biometrics, digital certificate, Secure Socket Layer (SSL), encryption, firewall, two-factor authentication, user id and password
  • 8.3-O7Describe the use of biometric data to protect data
  • 8.3-O8Describe the purpose and contents of a digital certificate
  • 8.3-O9Describe Secure Socket Layer (SSL) including encrypted links between the server and the client computer
9.1 Audience appreciation
  • 9.1-O1Show a clear sense of audience and purpose
  • 9.1-O2Plan ICT solutions that are responsive to and respectful of the needs of an audience
  • 9.1-O3Analyse the needs of an audience when creating ICT solutions
9.2 Copyright
  • 9.2-O1Explain the need for copyright legislation and the principles of copyright relating to computer software, for example software piracy
  • 9.2-O2Describe the methods that software producers employ to prevent software copyright legislation being broken
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2026 87
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Full Study Guide Cambridge IGCSE ICT 0417 2026
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